1987a“The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus,” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 7, pp.1-25.
1987b“Preface for the French Edition of A Theory of Justice,” trans. Catherine Audard ( Paris: Editions Du Seuil)
1988“The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 17, pp.251-76.
1989“Themes in Kant’s Moral Philosophy,” in Kant’s Transcendental Deductions: The Three Critiques and the ‘Opus Postumum,’ ed. Eckart Forster (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press), pp.81-113.
“The Domain of the Political and Overlapping Consensus,” New York University Law Review, 64, pp.233-255.
1991“Roderick Firth: His life and Work,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 51, pp.109-18.
1993aPolitical Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press).
1993b“The Law of Peoples,” in On Human Rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures, ed. Stephen Shute and Susan Hurley (New York: Basic Books), pp.41-82.
1995a“Fifty Years after Hiroshima,” Dissent, 42, pp.323-27.
1995b“Reply to Habermas,” Journal of Philosophy, 92, pp.132-180.
1996 Political Liberalism, Paperback Edition (New York: Columbia University Press)(加入平装版导言,并在最后收入“Reply to Habermas”一文) 。
1997“The Idea of Public Reason Revisited,” University of Chicago Law Review, 64, 765-807.
1998“Commonweal Interview with John Rawls,” written by Bernard Prusak, Commonweal, vol. CXXV, no.16, pp.12-17.
1999a Collected Papers ed. Samuel Freeman (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press)(收入罗尔斯出版的大部分论文) 。
1999b The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press) (1993年同名论文的改写版,并收入1996年的“The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”一文) 。
1999c A Theory of Justice, Revised Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press) (加入修订版前言)
2000 Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy, ed. Barbara Herman (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press).
2001 Justice as Fairness: A Restatement ed. Erin Kelly (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press).
注释:
* 本文是为台湾桂冠出版社即将出版的《正义论》修订版写的导论,初稿蒙石元康教授、陈日东及尹德成先生指正,谨此致谢。作者亦多谢哥伦比亚大学教授Thomas Pogge提供罗尔斯生平的详尽数据。最后,作者特别感谢中文大学石元康教授,伦敦政经学院教授John Charvet及 Paul Kelly 对罗尔斯理论长期的深入讨论。当然,作者本人承担本文观点的所有责任。
[1] 拉士略(Peter Laslett)在1956年便有“政治哲学已死”之叹。柏林(Isaiah Berlin)在1962年则唏嘘二十世纪没有产生任何重头的政治哲学著作。Peter Laslett, ed. Philosophy, Politics and Society, series I (Oxford: Blackwell, 1956), p.vii. Isaiah Berlin, “Does Political Philosophy Still Exist?” in his The Proper Study of Mankind: an Anthology of Essays (London: Pimlico, 1998), p.59. 有关二十世纪政哲的发展及《正义论》在其中的位置,可参考Philip Pettit, “Analytical Philosophy” in A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, ed. Robert Goodin & Philip Pettit (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), pp.7-38.
[2] 右派自由主义(libertarianism)的代表人物诺锡克在1974年便曾预言,政治哲学由现时开始,要么在罗尔斯的理论框架内工作,要么便必须解释为何不如此做。过去三十年政哲的发展,正充分证明了这点。Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p.183. 另一位哲学家贝利则认为,《正义论》之后,我们是活在“后罗尔斯”(post-Rawlsian)的世界,它成了政治哲学的分水岭。Brian Barry, Political Argument: A Reissue (Hemel Hemstead: Wheatsheaf, 1990), p.ixix.
[3] John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Revised Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p.xi. 本文以后所有括号中的页数,皆指英文修订版的页码。
[4] 有关罗尔斯生平最详尽的报导,可参考他的学生博格(Thomas Pogge)的德文著作John Rawls (Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1994)第一章。博格寄了一份英文版给笔者参考,题目为“A Brief Sketch of Rawls’s Life”。本文对罗尔斯生平的描述,大部分源于此文。亦可参考拙著〈当代哲学祭酒罗尔斯〉,《当代》第145期(1999),p.46-63。
[5] John Rawls, “50 Years After Hiroshima”, Dissent, 42, (1995), pp.323-327。
[6] John Rawls, “A Study in the Grounds of Ethical Knowledge: Considered with Reference to Judgments on the Moral Worth of Character,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1950. Abstract in Dissertation Abstract (1955), 15(4), pp.608-609.
[7] 他的学生包括Thomas Nagel, T.M.Scanlon, Allan Gibbard, Onora O’Neill, Christine Korsgaard, Sissila Bok, Joshua Cohen等。
[8] 以上文章都已收在John Rawls, Collected Papers, ed. Samuel Freeman (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1999).
[9] John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
[10] John Rawls, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1999).
[11] John Rawls, Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy, ed. Barbara Herman (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2000).
[12] John Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2001).
[13] 关于此点,可看Norman Daniels ed. “Introduction,” Reading Rawls (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1975), p.xxxv.
[14] Jurgen Habermas, “Reconciliation through the Public Use of Reason: Remarks on John Rawls’s Political Liberalism,” The Journal of Philosophy, vol.92, (1995), p.109.
[15] 在正义问题的讨论中,除了分配正义外,另一范畴是惩罚正义(retributive justice)。罗尔斯书中只集中讨论前者。因为他假设证成的原则,将会在一个理想的良序社会中被严格服从(strict compliance) (p.8) 。
[16] 不少人以为罗尔斯在提倡一自利主义者间的互利式正义观(justice as mutual advantage)。我下面的讨论将显示,他的公平式正义(justice as fairness)预设的动机其实是正义感和公平精神。既然互利的前提是一个公平的底线,则后者自然更为基本及优先。贝利便指出,罗尔斯假定的正义环境和他的正义原则并不一致。Brian Barry, Theories of Justice (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1989), chap.4-6.