中国公民社会如何向东欧学习? (43)
注释:
1. 4. Vladimir Tismaneanu, "Civil Society, Pluralism, and the Future of East and Central Europe." Social Research 68: 4 (Winter 2001): 977-991, p. 988.
2. From an interview with Mathias Greffrath and others, "Den Planeten verwestlichen!" Suddeutsche Zeitung (Munchen), 20 November, 2001. Quoted by John Keane, Global Civil Society? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 184.
3. 有论者认为,89年以后东欧国家公民社会发展并不顺利,甚至已经“遭到危险。”这是相对于八十年代人们对公民社会所寄予的很高希望而言的。说公民社会遭到危险,不是指在东欧正在形成新的专制制度,而是指那里的许多国家中并未出现人们以前所预期的广泛而积极的公民参与。人们对政治的厌倦,对民主发展因无信心而漠不关心,是公民社会的主要病兆。89年后的东欧是否有公民社会,公民社会是否健康,这些都不能只看“私域”能否独立于“公域”,社会能否独立于国家权力,而要看公民对公共生活的实际参与情况。关于影响公民社会在东欧国家发展的因素,如缺乏公民文化传统,长期极权统治形成的对国家的依赖心理,新精英集团利益与民众利益的脱离,由贫富悬殊造成的弱势群体无安全感,等等,参见Danial N. Nelson, "Civil Society Endangered. Central and Eastern Europe: Gains and Losses in the Transition to Democracy." Social Research 63: 2 (1996): 345-68.
5. 6. 13. 14. 15. 17. 20. 21. 邓正来和景跃进:《建构中国的市民社会》,载罗岗,倪文尖:《九十年代思想文选》第2卷,广西人民出版社,2000年, 第3; 9; 8; 9; 8; 8;18; 9页。(此文原载《中国社会季刊》,1992年11月创刊号)
7. Marcel Mauss, "A Category of Human Mind: The Notion of Person, the Notion of 'Self'." In Marcel Mauss, Sociology and Philosophy. London: Routledge, 1979, p. 85-9.
8. John Keane, Global Civil Society? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 177.
9. 10. 11. 18. Adam B. Seligman, The Idea of Civil Society. New York: The Free Press, 1992, pp. 25-36; 103-104; 4; 104.
12. Geremie R. Barme, In the Red: On Contemporary Chinese Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999, p. 4.
16. 石元康:《市民社会与重本抑末》,载罗岗,倪文尖:《九十年代思想文选》第2卷,广西人民出版社,2000年, 第74页。(原载《二十一世纪》1991年8月号)
19. S. M. Lipset, "Radicalism or Reformism: The Sources of Working Class Politics." The American Political Science Review, vol. 77 (1983), p. 6.
22. 引自许纪霖给笔者的来信。
23. C. Douglas Lummis, Radical Democracy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1996.
24. Robert E. Gooding, Radical Democracy: Protecting the Vulnerable. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1985, pp. 42ff.
25. Jacques Rupnik, The Other Europe. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988, pp. 245.
26. 27. 转引自 Jacques Rupnik, The Other Europe, pp. 245; 246.
28. J. M. Kovacs, "Reform Economists: The Classification Gap." Daedalus 119: 1 (1990): 215-48. Agnes Harvath and Arpad Szakolczai, The Dissolution of Communist Power: The Case of Hungary. London: Routledge, 1992, p. 225, note 16.
29. Vaclav Havel, Living in Truth: Twenty-two Essays Published on the Occasion of the Award of Erasmus Prize to Vaclav Havel. Ed. By Jan Vladislav. London: Faber, 1989.
30. 对1989年以前东欧公民社会运动“现实政治”的局限性,东欧人士自己是有所认识的。例如,Horvath和Szakolczai早在1989年就指出,东欧的公民社会理论往往以“反政治”为口号,表现了“对政治的彻底失望和一种不涉入公共生活的享乐人生的理想。”那种被简单地定义为“私域”和“日常生活领域”的“公民社会”只是躲避极权国家权力控制的消极应对策略,并非是一种构建社会新秩序的有效方案。消极的“现实政治”对于反抗极权统治只有战术价值,没有战略价值。(参见, Agnes Horvath and Arpad Szakolczai, The Dissolution of Communist Power: The Case of Hungary. London: Routledge, 1992, pp. 7-8.)
而且,八十年代东欧的公民社会还经常带有民族主义或文化民族主义的群体观。公民社会变成一种“我族”对外族强加秩序的反抗。例如,匈牙利历史学家Jeno Szucz在他的《欧洲三区域》中强调,匈牙利、波兰和捷克斯洛伐克虽不符合西方模式,但与东方模式的俄国差别更大。昆德拉认为,中欧国家文化与西方亲缘,但政治却遭俄国东方式专制绑架,俄国沙皇制度下传统的奴性,是俄国根本不存在中欧公民社会的原因,也是中欧国家与俄国最终走不到一起的历史原因。还有一种看法是,俄国只有“人民”(顺民),而波兰却特别强调“社会”,其它中东欧国家则处在这二极之间。捷克斯洛伐克Elemer Hankiss所说的“第二社会”就是以波兰模式的社会来考量公民社会反抗俄国式极权统治的。但是,俄国政治异见人士并不愿意接受这种看死俄国的文化决定论。例如,俄国作家Alexander Zinoviev认为,自下而上的极权(所谓的“苏维埃人”)其实只是一种“人群”形式,根本不是什么“社会”。索尔仁尼琴则认为,共产主义是一种“窒息俄罗斯”的外来力量。共产主义是国家世俗化、失去宗教信仰的结果,它宰制了信仰上帝的俄罗斯人。不信神的世俗国家主义,它的祸源在西方,西方社会在日益腐败堕落,这是它在自食其果。俄罗斯不应该如此。(参见, Jacques Rupnik, The Other Europe. p. 247)
31. See Jiri Pehe, "Civil Society at Issue in the Czech Republic." RFE/RL East European Report, 3: 32 (19 August 1994). Daniel N. Nelson, "Civil Society Endangered."
32. Peter Raina, Poland 1981: Towards Social Renewal. London: Allen and Unwin, 1985, p. 175. See discussion in John K. Glenn, III., Framing Democracy: Civil Society and Civil Movement in Eastern Europe. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2001, pp. 52-57.
33. Marcin Krol, "Poland's Longing for Paternalism." Journal of Democracy, 5: 1 (1994): 85-95, p. 87.
34. John K. Glenn, III., Framing Democracy: Civil Society and Civil Movements in Eastern Europe. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001, p. 55.
35. Timothy Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution: Solidarity 1980-82. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983, p. 56.
36. Quoted in Gale Stokes, The Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 106.
37. Jean Cohen, "Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements." Social Research 52: 4 (1985): 663-716, p. 700.
38. Seymour Martin Lipset, "American Exceptionalism in North American Perspective: Why the United States Has Withstood the World Socialist Movement." In G. Adams, ed,. The Idea of America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.
39. 40. 43. Mary Kaldor, "Transnational Civil Society." In Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler, eds., Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 198-202; 200; 202.
41. “自下而上的缓和”一语最早由“荷兰教会间和平会议”秘书长 Mient Jan Faber提出。
42. Adam Michnik, "On Detent." In M. Kaldor, G. Holden and R. Falk, eds., The New Detent: Rethinking East-West Relations. London: Verso, 1989, p. 128.
44. Jurgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996, p.367.
45. Renata Markus, "Decent Society and/or Civil Society." Social Research, 68: 4 (2001): 1011-30, p. 1028.
文章来源:「天益网」(2009年3月18日)