改革开放以来,如果说法治(Rule of Law)和经济的联系已获公认,宪政(Constitutionalism)对经济发展的作用则远未获得普遍认同。相反,一种普遍的误解认为,宪政仅涉及到公民权利和纯政治性事务,和经济无缘。更有甚者,由于对法治与宪政的长期忽视,宪法被认为是没有实际效力的空头文件。然而,对世界上主要法治国家的研究充分表明,宪法在现实生活中的直接效力不但是公民权利不受任意侵犯的切实保障,而且也是可持续经济发展的必要条件。这项课题将通过比较各国的发展经验论证,宪政作为法治的源泉和最高表现形式,为健康与稳定的经济发展提供了体制基础。
[1] Carl J. Friderich, Constitutional Government and Democracy: Theory and Practice in Europe and America (Revised edition), New York: Blaisdell Publishing Co. (1941).
[2] 如James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundation of Constitutional Democracy, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (1962).
[3] 参见The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Talcott Parsons (tr.), New York: Charles Scribners Sons (1958).
[4] Douglas G. Baird, Robert H. Gertner, and Randal C. Picker, Game Theory and the Law, Boston: Harvard University Press (1994).
[5] 参见Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes (2nd Ed.), Washington Square: New York University Press (1997).
[8] 由于信息的不完善,这个模式显然过于简化,因为私人显然有动机隐瞒违法行为,因而国家在执法过程中难以获得法治所需要的准确信息。韦伯指出:“通过威胁强制来支持法律秩序,只能取得有限程度的成功。……法律强制在经济领域的实际成功之限制来自于两个主要原因。”一是经济关系决定经济行为难以改变,而改变必然带有损失。二是在于私人经济利益和促进服从法律的利益之比较:由于私人经济利益总是强烈的,且在经济领域里隐藏违法行为并不困难,而经济违法行为一般不会产生严重的普遍反感,因而法律的强制实施尤其困难。一个长期在市场运行的公司对市场的知识与信息要比立法者和执法者多得多,因而很容易导致法律的曲解,使之为己利用。Max Weber, Economy and Society, Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich ed., Berkeley: University of California Press (1978), p. 335.
[10] Philip Keefer & Stephen Knack, Why Dont Poor Countries Catch Up? A Cross-National Test of an Institutional Explanation, 35 Econ. Inquiry 590 (1997).
[11] Robert E. Lucas, Jr., Why Doesnt Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?, 80 Am. Econ. Rev. 92 (1990).
[12] Michael J. Trebilcock, What Makes Poor Countries Poor?: The Role of Institutional Capital in Economic Development, in The Law and Economics of Development 16 (Edgardo Buscaglia, William Ratliff & Robert Cooter eds., 1997).
[13] Frank B. Cross, Law and Economic Growth, 80 Texas Law Review 1737 (2002).
[14] Henry G. Manne, The Judiciary and Free Markets, 21 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 11 (1997).
[15] 杨海鹏:“地下钱庄”,《南方周末》2001年3月29日。
[16] Johan Torstensson, Property Rights and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study, 47 Kyklos 231, 242 (1994); Baizhu Chen & Yi Feng, Some Political Determinants of Economic Growth: Theory and Empirical Implications, 12 European Journal of Political Economy 609 (1996).
[17] Lon L. Fuller, The Principles of Social Order, Kenneth I. Winston (ed.) (1981), pp. 231-232.
[18] Jack Donnelly, Human Rights, Democracy, and Development, 21 Human Rights Quarterly 608 (1999); David A. Lake & Matthew A. Baum, The Invisible Hand of Democracy: Political Control and the Provision of Public Services, 34 Comparative Political Studies 587 (2001).
[19] J. Benson Durham, Economic Growth and Political Regimes, 4 Journal of Economic Growth 81, 82 (1999)
[20] Adam Przeworski & Fernando Limongi, Political Regimes and Economic Growth, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 1993, pp. 51, 61
[21] Jenny A. Minier, Democracy and Growth: Alternative Approaches, 3 Journal of Economic Growth 241 (1998).
[22] 见Ibrahim F.I. Shihata, The Role of Law in Business Development, 20 Fordham International Law Journal 1577 (1997).
[23] Joel P. Trachtman, The Applicability of Law and Economics to Law and Development, in Making Development Work, Ann Seidman, Robert B. Seidman & Thomas W. Wade eds. (1999), p. 196.
[24] Industrial Union Dept., AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum Institute, 448 U.S. 607.
[2] Xavier de Vanssay & Z.A. Spindler, Freedom and Growth: Do Constitutions Matter? 78 Public Choice 359 (1994); Martin Leschke, Constitutional Choice and Prosperity: A Factor Analysis, 11 Constitutional Political Economy 265, 266 (2000).
[3] 见Frank B. Cross, Law and Economic Growth, 80 Texas Law Review 1737 (2002).
[4] Lawrence W. Beer and Hiroshi Itoh, The Constitutional Case Law of Japan, 1970 through 1990, Seattle: University of Washington Press (1996), p. 6.
[5] Lawrence W. Beer and John M. Maki, From Imperial Myth to Democracy: Japans Two Constitutions, 1889-2002, Boulder: University Press of Colorado (2002), p. 123.
[6] Yoichi Higuchi, Five Decades of Constitutionalism in Japanese Society, University of Tokyo Press (2001), p. 3.